doi: 10.1080/10463280440000071, Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2005b). This unidirectional conceptualization postulated influence as flowing exclusively from a majority to a minority. There was a gradual realization that the Anglo-Protestant orientation of whiteness was unlikely to sustain a dominant majority indefinitely. eds. Changing majority and minority positions within a group vs. an aggregate. Vol. Opin. eds. Whereas such conversion is the condition sine qua non for a minority to become a majority, it also signals unreliability and ultimately, instability of the majority position. New York: Cambridge University Press. This form of influence has been used effectively by civil rights movements throughout the 20th Century to shape public opinion. Despite his susceptibility to 2, 5158. 115, 323345. J. Pers. WebPeople who hold a minority view tend to change the majority opinion through a. normative social influence. Soon to win the White House, Theodore Roosevelt found these developments alarming. 40. ed. eds. Procedural mechanisms and jury behavior, in Applied Social Psychology. 5 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Minorities Effect Social Change Over Time, Winning a Competition in Influence Exerted for Various Reasons, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911654, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States. The model postulates that the many comparative advantages of the majority position over the minority position generally result in the former being preferred over the later. A history of social influence research, in The Handbook of the History of Social Psychology. Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2009). eds. J. Appl. Psychol. Seeking conversion versus advocating tolerance in pursuit of social change. Likely responding to the disciplinary cognitive Zeitgeist, Moscovici himself replaced his initial rich theorizing about the social underpinnings of minority influence in a pursuit of social change with a theorizing that emphasized cognitive factors. Majority influence occurs when the beliefs held by the larger number of individuals in the current social group prevail. Their influence raises important questions about the conditions under which minorities will (non) seek social change. It has been addressed by restricting a number of factors that presumably shape the dynamics of social influence and employing mathematical simulations to test proposed models. Vol. The country broadened the definition of white people enough to maintain power over African Americans and Asian people (and later Hispanics). It is possible that we are now in the process of similarly altering our conception of whiteness again. 4. 2. eds. He is the author of The New Minority: White Working Class Politics in an Age of Immigration and Inequality and the forthcoming book Majority Minority.. To orient research toward social change, a research agenda is presented, along with a few illustrative studies. Rigidity and minority influence: The influence of the social in social influences, in Perspectives on Minority Influence. At what point in time do their efforts begin to effect the presumed private change? Moscovici, S., and Faucheux, C. (1972). They do so for a variety of reasons, which fuel their influence efforts and shape their influence strategies. Learn to read and understand body signals and improve your own body language. Psychological processes in social action, in APA Handbook of Personality and social Psychology. Though developed in parallel without much cross-pollination, research on minority influence within the persuasion framework and the interacting group framework converge to the conclusion that such influence is possible, although under a highly constrained set of circumstances (Levine and Tindale, 2015). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. 6. ed. Tindale, R. S., Nadler, J., Krebel, A., and Davis, J. H. (2004). doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1191, De Groeve, B., and Rosenfeld, D. L. (2022). Morally admirable or moralistically deplorable? If there are reasons for optimism, they include signs of an increasing theoretical and methodological diversity in our discipline. Because gains are experienced less intensely than the comparable losses (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979), changes away from the minority position should elicit positive reactions that are weaker than negative reactions to changes away from the majority positions. Vol. Psychol. (New York: Academic Press), 175192. Psychol. Teaching as social influence: empowering teachers to become agents of social change. Early research into the ability of minority influence to affect a groups attitudes and behavior was conducted by social psychologist, Serge Moscovici. Social identification, self-categorization and social influence. J. Take Psychologist World's 5-minute memory test to measure your memory. Such broader acceptance presumably has survival value (Caporael and Baron, 1997). In contrast to these sources, those who were consistently rejected to remain in a minority, as well as those who lost social support to be turned from a majority to a minority (majority minority), lost much of their persuasive efficacy over time. Psychol. Smith, C. M., Tindale, R. S., and Dugoni, B. L. (1996). To ensure that only unique empirical studies were counted, care was taken not to double-count studies that were published in journals and later summarized in book chapters or vice versa. As an illustration of the epistemic value of the time perspective approach to understanding the consequences of successful minority influence, and a test of the above-mentioned Hypothesis 1, consider a longitudinal study that examined reactions of a minority faction within a group who successfully converted a sufficient number of majority members to its position to effectively turn themselves into a new majority and ipso facto, the former majority into a new minority (Prislin and Christensen, 2005b, Study 2). Older generations may still be focused on century-old divisions, but younger Americans are starting to blur them. Manage. Rev. Copping With Minority Status. doi: 10.1111/josi.12259, Prislin, R., and Filson, J. Bull. As for the measures of the minority impact, the two frameworks paint a somewhat different picture: The Information processing (persuasion) framework suggests that the impact is most evident on private responses to indirect measures of attitudes toward issues tangentially related to the object of a minority advocacy (Wood et al., 1994; but see Glaser et al., 2015). d. guilt and shame. J. Pers. Soc. J. M. Levine (New York: Psychology Press), 135163. 13:911654. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911654. For example, in their analysis of minority influence in political decision-making groups, Levine and Kaarbo (2001) argued that influence strategies employed by political minorities may go beyond informational influence to include the reinforcement (i.e., reward, punishment) and procedural strategies (see also Smith and Diven, 2002). People who identify as white hold disproportionate power and resources today, and this pernicious reality seems unlikely to change even if white people do become a 49 percent plurality in about two decades. 13. ed. Hence, the proposed agenda focuses on time, interactive, and motivated influence as critical explanatory variables to address in the next phase of research on minority influence in the pursuit of social change. These findings document how social constructions of influence attempts and group memberships evolve over time, as do reactions to subsequent changes. The proposed agenda for future research on social change effected through minority influence is hardly comprehensive. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Soc. However, as pointed out by Levine and Tindale (2015), the overall findings suggest that in those rare circumstances when minorities do prevail, they tend do so through informational processes, by forcing a majority to question the validity of its position. Yet, maturity appears to come at the expense of vigor. Refining the agenda as further theoretical developments and empirical findings outline should be relatively easy. WebThe study of minority influence has advanced considerably since the late 1960s when Moscovici's pioneering efforts brought the minority's role in the process of persuasion 3. Prez, J. (eds.) A. Pers. Yet, most studies on social influence, including minority influence, are one-time affairs that examine the effects of single appeals or single group encounters at a discrete point in time. Whereas turning opponents to supporters appeared to make successful minorities smarter, successfully retaining initially won support did not affect successful majoritys persuasibility. Minority Influence on Focal and Related Attitudes: Change in Size, Attributions, and Information Processing. (2000). Justin Gest (@_JustinGest) is an associate professor of policy and government at George Mason Universitys Schar School of Policy and Government. Understanding their motivations is in the core of psychological approaches to social action, with different models emphasizing a variety of motives that reflect groups moral, fairness, and identity standards. This change in private opinion prompts a shift in behavior, and a member may promote his or her newly-acquiredview to other members of the group. For example, the dynamic social impact model posits the strength, immediacy, and the number of sources of influence as three critical factors (Latan, 1996). When a minority opinion is introduced, people are more While standing firm, minorities must also convey a level of open-mindedness in acknowledging others positions to avoid being perceived as rigid (Papastamou and Mugny, 1985). Eur. 2. eds. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.5. Their generative power is additionally evident in several edited volumes on minorities as bona fide influence agents (Butera and Levine, 2009; Martin and Hewstone, 2010; Jetten and Hornsey, 2011; Papastamou et al., 2017). Instead, minority views tend to be adopted when they exert informative influence:the unusual nature or novelty of the minoritys argument means that other members of a group pay close attention to it. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1437, David, B., and Turner, J. C. (1996). Yet, the informational strategy could be used differently to emphasize common group identity (social acceptance) or quid pro quo (social control) by acceptance-motivated and control-motivated minorities, respectively. Which leaves us with the persistent publish or perish culture that discourages high-stakes, time-consuming, logistically demanding, group-oriented research, especially if it is longitudinal. Shared reality: How social verification makes the subjective objective, in Handbook of Motivation and Cognition. Struggle to keep conversations alive? The conflict elaboration theory of social influence, in Understanding Group Behavior: Small Group Processes and Interpersonal Relations. The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 53, 4152. Group Processes. Minority influence occurs when a minority group impacts the majoritys Real-life exampleswhere minority influence affects the majoritywithin a group include: The suffragette movement, which sought to gain the right to vote for women in the UK in the early 20th Century. doi: 10.1177/0146167202288008, Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2002). Demonstrability and social combination processes on mathematical intellective tasks. The unknown of the new position, it was hypothesized, was largely due to the seemingly contradictory meaning of the conversion or former opponents sway to the minority position that underlies social change. This may explain the snowball effect of minority influence, whereby individuals are attracted to a viewpoint on the basis that they believe it is becoming more acceptable, and is gaining popularity amongst other members. Prislin, R., Davenport, C., Xu, Y., Moreno, R., and Honeycutt, N. (2018). Several integrative models profitably combine the information processing and social identity approaches, capitalizing on their complementary strengths (Prez and Mugny, 1996; Crano, 2001). c. public compliance. Minority and majority influence in freely interacting groups: qualitative versus quantitative differences. (2001). Real-life exampleswhere minority influence affects the majoritywithin a group include: 1. Minority influence: From groups to attitudes and back again, in Minority Influence and Innovation: Antecedents, Processes and Consequences. Psychol. M. B. Minority sources persuasibility increased over time when their targets increasingly favorable reactions turned them into a majority (minority majority). Minority influence is a type of social influence which results in a change ofviews amongstthe majority of members within a group. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1095, Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2005a). An example of this would be when a green group promotes responsible behavior,such as recycling, as a way of protecting wildlife. Yet, a potential majority advocacy for change and, ipso facto, minority advocacy for the status quo (e.g., conservative minorities, see Levine and Kaarbo, 2001) is always an outgrowth of what at the start was a minority idea. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.93.1.23. Papastamou, S., and Mugny, G. (1985). Privacy & Cookies 35, 179199. WebMultiple Choice It is thought that automatic mimicry of others occurs because of the principle of ________,which states that merely thinking about a behavior makes performing that behavior more likely. Similarly, although minorities may partially satisfy their motive for social acceptance within their faction, to be fully integrated within a group, they must seek broader acceptance. Pers. In Roosevelts understanding, Americans were born through no document; they were made by their encounters with the wilderness and their cultivation of strength, individualism and democratic community their commitment to a set of principles. As a majority view gained the support of more members, individuals holding an opposite viewpoint were less able to influence the group. Reflecting the broader social cognition orientation, this research has focused on cognitive responses to a minority (vs. majority) advocacy. His masterful analysis of change in practically every domain of human activity invariably diagnosed minority influence in its origin. Indeed, it is part of the social psychology canon as evident by its coverage in nearly all social psychology textbooks, handbooks (e.g., Nemeth, 2012; Butera et al., 2017), and encyclopedias (e.g., Crano, 2010). The idea of minority influence is now a defining aspect in all conceptualizations of social influence, researched in parallel with majority influence (for reviews, see Prislin and Wood, 2005; Levine and Prislin, 2013). Moreover, a disciplinary general focus on the individual level of analysis made social change a challenging object of inquiry. The resulting backlash created a wave of support for the xenophobic Know Nothing movement and its nativist American Party. Crano, W. D., and Chen, X. Psychol. The effects of differential ascribed category membership and norms of minority influence. Levine, J. M., and Prislin, R. (2013). Soc. Psychol. 86, 11911201. Consistency in these findings about the reciprocity of social influence suggests that majorities are able to influence not only because they have social support as an argument, as it is axiomatically discussed in the social influence literature, but also because social support enables them to generate convincing arguments. The effects of majority size on minority influence. Selection criteria included: participants exposure to a minority dissent with or without an appeal or reasoning for the dissent, which dissent placed the minority at odds with the participants, and report of a measure of influence.
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