[citation needed]. [19] The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, the works of Rumi, the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, the Panj Ganj of Nizami Ganjavi, the Divn of Hafez, The Conference of the Birds by Attar of Nishapur, and the miscellanea of Gulistan and Bustan by Saadi Shirazi are among the famous works of medieval Persian literature. After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic Wars, Pontus was defeated; part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province of Bithynia and Pontus, and the eastern half survived as a client kingdom. The heart of the storied Persian empire of antiquity, Iran has long played an important role in the region as an imperial power and laterbecause of its strategic position and abundant natural resources, especially petroleumas a factor in colonial and superpower rivalries. [20] The Tajiks of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan are native speakers of Tajik, which is the official language of Tajikistan, and those in Afghanistan speak Dari, one of the two official languages of Afghanistan. They are often defined by physical characteristics such as olive and pale skin, large dark or deep blue eyes, and almond shaped eyes. In ancient Iran, fire was kept with great care in fire temples. [104], Nowadays, most Iranian people follow Islam (Sunnism, followed by Shi'ism), with minorities following Christianity, Judaism, Mandaeism, Iranian religions and various levels of irreligion. [47] It is probably the archaeological manifestation of the Indo-Iranian language group. Genetically speaking, Iranian peoples generally cluster closely with European and other Middle Eastern peoples. For example, both Early Iranian and Slavic supreme gods were considered givers of wealth, unlike the supreme thunder gods in many other European religions. Southern European Skin Complexion. With the fall of the Safavids in 1736, rule passed into the hands of several short-lived dynasties leading to the rise of the Qjr line in 1796. The countrys difficulties led to the ascent in 1925 of the Pahlavi line, whose ill-planned efforts to modernize Iran led to widespread dissatisfaction and the dynastys subsequent overthrow in the revolution of 1979. Copyright 2023 Helpful Professor. Weight range: Male: large: >12 lbs. A significant stereotype that was invented in the last few centuries is that Persians are Arabs. Eye color: Blue, Copper, Green, Hazel, Odd-eyed Expectations: Longevity Range: 8-11 yrs. In a word, they become Persianized. The Persians are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran. Analyzed samples of Iranian Persians, Kurds, Azeris, Lurs, Mazanderanis, Gilaks and Arabs cluster tightly together, forming a single cluster known as the CIC (Central Iranian cluster). (Dari, a variant of the Persian language, is the lingua franca and an official language of Afghanistan and is also spoken in Pakistan.). The architectural heritage of the Sasanian Empire includes, among others, castle fortifications such as the Fortifications of Derbent (located in North Caucasus, now part of Russia), the Rudkhan Castle and the Shapur-Khwast Castle, palaces such as the Palace of Ardashir and the Sarvestan Palace, bridges such as the Shahrestan Bridge and the Shapuri Bridge, the Archway of Ctesiphon, and the reliefs at Taq-e Bostan. [65] The Medes were subsequently able to establish their Median kingdom (with Ecbatana as their royal centre) beyond their original homeland and had eventually a territory stretching roughly from northeastern Iran to the Halys River in Anatolia. Persias conquest by the Muslim Arabs in the 7th century ce was to leave the most lasting influence, however, as Iranian culture was all but completely subsumed under that of its conquerors. It is believed that these Scythians were conquered by their eastern cousins, the Sarmatians, who are mentioned by Strabo as the dominant tribe which controlled the southern Russian steppe in the 1st millennium AD. Architectural elements from the time of Iran's ancient Persian empires have been adopted and incorporated in later period. Encyclopdia Iranica. This First Persian Empire was equally notable for its successful model of a centralised, bureaucratic administration (through satraps under a king) and a government working to the profit of its subjects, for building infrastructure such as a postal system and road systems and the use of an official language across its territories and a large professional army and civil services (inspiring similar systems in later empires),[66] and for emancipation of slaves including the Jewish exiles in Babylon, and is noted in Western history as the antagonist of the Greek city states during the Greco-Persian Wars. Geographically, much of Iran consists of a central desert plateau, which is ringed on all sides by lofty mountain ranges that afford access to the interior through high passes. [49] In Lydia (the most important Achaemenid satrapy), near Sardis, there was the Hyrcanian plain, which, according to Strabo, got its name from the Persian settlers that were moved from Hyrcania. They found that the most common paternal haplogroups were: Two large scale papers by Haber (2012)[143] and Di Cristofaro (2013)[144] analyzed populations from Afghanistan, where several Iranian-speaking groups are native. After over eight centuries of foreign rule within the region, the Iranian hegemony was reestablished by the emergence of the Safavid Empire in the 16th century. Most meals include rice, meat (usually lamb), and onions and other vegetables, all uniquely seasoned with saffron, turmeric, rose water, mint, and lime in various combinations. Achaemenid rug and carpet artistry is well recognized. The tail is short and the ears are small. The Turkic peoples slowly replaced and assimilated the previous Iranian-speaking locals, turning the population of Central Asia from largely Iranian, into primarily of East Asian descent. A connection between Proto-Slavonic and Iranian languages is also furthermore proven by the earliest layer of loanwords in the former. Old Persian is attested in the Behistun Inscription (c. 519 BC), recording a proclamation by Darius the Great. The Greek chronicler, Herodotus (5th century BC) makes references to a nomadic people, the Scythians; he describes them as having dwelt in what is today southern European Russia and Ukraine. Persian people worked as dress and costume makers, craftspeople and merchants, and even government . New Persian literature flourished after the Arab conquest of Iran with its earliest records from the 9th century,[116] and was developed as a court tradition in many eastern courts. [32], All this evidence shows that the name Arya was a collective definition, denoting peoples who were aware of belonging to the one ethnic stock, speaking a common language, and having a religious tradition that centered on the cult of Ohrmazd.[20]. [98][99][62], The Hazaras, making up the third largest ethnic group in Afghanistan,[100][101][102] speak a variety of Persian by the name of Hazaragi,[103] which is more precisely a part of the Dari dialect continuum. Persian cats are medium-sized, usually weigh between seven and 12 pounds, and measure from 10-15 inches tall. Persian Culture The ancient Persians of the Achaemenid Empire created art in many forms, including metalwork, rock carvings, weaving and architecture. Author of. [39][40][41][42][43], The ancient Persians played a major role in the downfall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Every individual has their own freewill and unique personality. Iranian ethnic group who make up over half the population of Iran, , 10th-century Arab Muslim writer Ibn Hawqal, in his, harv error: no target: CITEREFShapur_Shahbazi2005 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchmitt2000 (, harv error: no target: CITEREFSchmitt2008 (. Ancient Persian Culture flourished between the reign of Cyrus II (The Great, r. c. 550-530 BCE), founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, and the fall of the Sassanian Empire in 651 CE. A Greek folk etymology connected the name to Perseus, a legendary character in Greek mythology. [56] The Parthian language, which was used as an official language of the Parthian Empire, left influences on Persian,[57][58][59] as well as on the neighboring Armenian language. ), where it appears in expressions such as airyfi daihv ("Iranian lands"), airy ayanm ("land inhabited by Iranians"), and airyanm vaj vahuyfi dityayfi ("Iranian stretch of the good Dity"). The regal-looking Persian cat is the ultimate feline for lap-sitting and couch cuddling. [123] The word paradise itself originates from Avestan pairidaza (Old Persian paridaida; New Persian pardis, ferdows), which literally translates to "walled-around". [77] For instance, the Proto-Slavonic words for god (*bog), demon (*div), house (*xata), axe (*topor) and dog (*sobaka) are of Scythian origin. [46], At its greatest extent, the Achaemenid Empire stretched from parts of Eastern Europe in the west to the Indus Valley in the east, making it the largest empire the world had yet seen. THE ETHNONYM: ORIGINS AND APPLICATION", "AZERBAIJAN vii. Until the Parthian era, Iranian identity had an ethnic, linguistic, and religious value. [19] Old Persian written works are attested on several inscriptions from between the 6th and the 4th centuries BC, and Middle Persian literature is attested on inscriptions from the Parthian and Sasanian eras and in Zoroastrian and Manichaean scriptures from between the 3rd to the 10th century AD. With her masses of fur, she can appear larger than she really is. conquered by Iranian culture. During the Achaemenid era, Persian colonists settled in Asia Minor. [30] Eudemus of Rhodes (Dubitationes et Solutiones de Primis Principiis, in Platonis Parmenidem) refers to "the Magi and all those of Iranian (reion) lineage". [105] The language-shift from Middle Iranian to Turkic and New Persian was predominantly the result of an "elite dominance" process. "Like most Persian dialects, Tati is not very regular in its characteristic features ()". Iran, a mountainous, arid, and ethnically diverse country of southwestern Asia. In urban areas Persian society is stratified by profession; real-estate investors and commercial entrepreneurs occupy the highest position, followed by upper-level administrators, merchants, and clergy. [35], On 21 March 1935, former king of Iran Reza Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty issued a decree asking the international community to use the term Iran, the native name of the country, in formal correspondence. The behavior of the Persian people was heavily influenced by peoples perceptions of pride and dignity. Ancient Persians were known for being of a relatively large stature. [74] Their territory, which was known as Sarmatia to Greco-Roman ethnographers, corresponded to the western part of greater Scythia (mostly modern Ukraine and Southern Russia, also to a smaller extent north eastern Balkans around Moldova). The academic usage of the term Iranian is distinct from the state of Iran and its various citizens (who are all Iranian by nationality), in the same way that the term Germanic peoples is distinct from Germans. An Iranian cultural renaissance in the late 8th century led to a reawakening of Persian literary culture, though the Persian language was now highly Arabized and in Arabic script, and native Persian Islamic dynasties began to appear with the rise of the hirids in the early 9th century. Achaemenid architecture, dating from the expansion of the empire around 550 BC, flourished in a period of artistic growth that left a legacy ranging from Cyrus the Great's solemn tomb at Pasargadae to the structures at Persepolis and Naqsh-e Rostam. The term Persian, meaning "from Persia", derives from Latin Persia, itself deriving from Greek Perss ( ), [24] a Hellenized form of Old Persian Prsa ( ), which evolves into Frs ( ) in modern Persian. [48], The Sintashta culture emerged from the interaction of two antecedent cultures. With numerous artistic, scientific, architectural, and philosophical achievements and numerous kingdoms and empires that bridged much of the civilized world in antiquity, the Iranian peoples were often in close contact with people from various western and eastern parts of the world. Even today, this has remained a prominent feature of Persian characteristics, where most men are around 179cm or 5.9 feet tall. One of the significant characteristics of the ancient and modern Persian people was their noses. [24][a] The earliest epigraphically attested reference to the word arya- occurs in the Bistun Inscription of the 6th century BC. For a period of over 400 years, the Sasanians and the neighboring Byzantines were recognized as the two leading powers in the world. Update of 30 Mar (2018). The ancestors of the Persian people still mainly live in modern-day Iran and share a significant amount of characteristics with their ancient ancestors. History of Armenians by Moses Khorenatsi. [10][11] Together with their compatriot allies, they established and ruled some of the world's most powerful empires[12][11] that are well-recognized for their massive cultural, political, and social influence, which covered much of the territory and population of the ancient world. [91] Currently, most of these Iranian peoples live in Iran, Afghanistan, the Caucasus (mainly Ossetia, other parts of Georgia, Dagestan, and Azerbaijan), Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdish majority populated areas of Turkey, Iran and Syria, Tajikistan, Pakistan and Uzbekistan. [102] Various annual festivals that were mainly related to agriculture and herding were celebrated, the most important of which was the New Year (Nowruz), which is still widely celebrated. This page was last edited on 28 April 2023, at 00:44. Other religions that had their origins in the Iranian world were Mithraism, Manichaeism, and Mazdakism, among others. [25], In royal Old Persian inscriptions, the term arya- appears in three different contexts:[20][21], In the Dna and Dse, Darius and Xerxes describe themselves as "an Achaemenid, a Persian, son of a Persian, and an Aryan, of Aryan stock". [81] The Pahlavi rulers modernized Iran, and ruled it until the 1979 Revolution. [70] For example, Greeks were part of the various ethnicities that constructed Darius' palace in Susa, apart from the Greek inscriptions found nearby there, and one short Persepolis tablet written in Greek. [13][14][15] Throughout history, the Persian people have contributed greatly to art and science. The vast majority of Persians practice Shite Islam. Throughout the 1st millennium AD, the large presence of the Sarmatians who once dominated Ukraine, Southern Russia, and swaths of the Carpathians, gradually started to diminish mainly due to assimilation and absorption by the Germanic Goths, especially from the areas near the Roman frontier, but only completely by the Proto-Slavic peoples. [12][13] Modern Iranian peoples include the Baloch, the Gilaks, the Kurds, the Lurs, the Mazanderanis, the Ossetians, the Pamiris, the Pashtuns, the Persians, the Tats, the Tajiks, the Talysh, the Wakhis, the Yaghnobis, and the Zazas. Persian holidays are occasions for enjoying local foods. In 21st-century Iran there remain a small number of Zoroastrians; larger numbers of Zoroastrians now live in South Asia. Most of the population lives on the edges of this forbidding waterless waste. [4] They are native speakers of the modern dialects of Persian,[82] which serves as the country's official language.[83]. Xenophon describes the carpet production in the city of Sardis, stating that the locals take pride in their carpet production. The Persian population is engaged in a broad array of occupations, in both urban and rural settings. A relative paucity of "Indian" haplogroup. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Although Persis (Persia proper) was only one of the provinces of ancient Iran,[28] varieties of this term (e.g., Persia) were adopted through Greek sources and used as an exonym for all of the Persian Empire for many years. [69] Although the term had developed a derogatory meaning and implied cultural and ethnic inferiority, it was gradually accepted as a synonym for "Persian"[68][70][71] and still remains today as a designation for the Persian-speaking communities native to the modern Arab states of the Middle East. [74] Persian language and culture continued to prevail after the invasions and conquests by the Mongols and the Turks (including the Ilkhanate, Ghaznavids, Seljuks, Khwarazmians, and Timurids), who were themselves significantly Persianized, further developing in Asia Minor, Central Asia, and South Asia, where Persian culture flourished by the expansion of the Persianate societies, particularly those of Turco-Persian and Indo-Persian blends. [45] Meanwhile, under the dynasty of the Achaemenids, the Persians formed a vassal state to the central Median power. The Proto-Iranians are believed to have emerged as a separate branch of the Indo-Iranians in Central Asia around the mid-2nd millennium BC. Corpus inscriptionum Iranicarum Part. The authors concluded that the Iranian gene pool has been an important source for the Middle Eastern and Eurasian Y chromosome diversity, and the results suggest that there was already rather high Y chromosome diversity during the Neolithic period, placing Iranian populations in between Europeans, Middle Easterners and South Asians. [55] In the Volga basin, interaction with the Srubna culture was the most intense and prolonged, and Federovo style pottery is found as far west as Volgograd. The area around Mesopotamia was very fertile, which gave the Persians a life easier than some countries further south. Iranian Arabs and Azeris genetically overlap with Iranian peoples. Updates? You can be Iranian and not necessarily be Persian. [52], Because of the difficulty of identifying the remains of Sintashta sites beneath those of later settlements, the culture was only recently distinguished from the Andronovo culture. However, the term Persian is still historically used to designate the predominant population of the Iranian peoples living in the Iranian cultural continent. [108] They have had a significant role in the development of India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, and also played a role in the development of Iranian nationalism during the late Qajar years and Pahlavi dynasty. R. G. Kent. This included the Persian-Iranian people, whose name means of the Aryan race.. Parthian, London, P. Lund, Humphries 19762001, R.W. The Old Avestan texts known as the Gathas are believed to have been composed by Zoroaster, the founder of Zoroastrianism, with the Yaz culture (c. 1500 BC 1100 BC) as a candidate for the development of Eastern Iranian culture. What is the human characteristics of Iran? Persian (Farsi) is the predominant and official language of Iran. The region fell under the sway of successive waves of Persian, Turkish, and Mongol conquerors until the rise of the Safavids, who introduced Twelver Shiism as the official creed, in the early 16th century. [10][38] The ninth-century BC Neo-Assyrian inscription of the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III, found at Nimrud, gives it in the Late Assyrian forms Parsua and Parsuma as a region and a people located in the Zagros Mountains, the latter likely having migrated southward and transferred the name of the region with them to what would become Persis (Persia proper, i.e., modern-day Fars), and that is considered to be the earliest attestation to the ancient Persian people. Related Article: 10 Celtic People Physical Characteristics And Traits. The following either partially descend from or are sometimes regarded as descendants of the Iranian peoples. [20] Herodotus, in his Histories, remarks about the Iranian Medes that "Medes were called anciently by all people Arians" (7.62). )-language text, Articles containing Persian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 9 April 2023, at 20:02. The body is short but thick with thick legs and a short, thick neck. There are an estimated 150 to 200 million native speakers of Iranian languages, the six major groups of Persians, Lurs, Kurds, Tajiks, Baloch, and Pashtuns accounting for about 90% of this number. One of the most common misconceptions or stereotypes about the Persian people is that they speak Arabic. The most notable examples of ancient Persian architecture are the works of the Achaemenids hailing from Persis. As the Parsa expanded their sphere of political influence, particularly under the Achaemenian dynasty (559330 bce), the entire Iranian plateau became known to outsiders (such as the ancient Greeks) as Persia; its various peoples were designated (collectively) the Persians.
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