Virol. Res. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Usage Is Associated with Improved Inflammatory Status and Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients with Hypertension. Here, we describe molecular mechanisms of PFC and propose that proteins functioning in this process might serve as an underappreciated, but yet promising targets for reducing lung edema in severe COVID-19 patients. Clin. A vision of coronavirus with the minimal set of structural proteins. Res. The abnormal expression of AQP is closely related to the abnormal alveolar fluid metabolism and the subsequent pulmonary fibrosis of COVID-19 patients. (2020a). Sci. Physiol. Besides those direct causes of COVID-19 pulmonary edema, there are other factors that can be described as abnormal humoral metabolism which can influence the AFC and PFC, resulting the manifestation of pulmonary edema (Figure 3 Cause of COVID-19 pulmonary edema). doi:10.1007/s00281-016-0557-1, de Maat, S., de Mast, Q., Danser, A. H. J., van de Veerdonk, F. L., and Maas, C. (2020). CDC/FDA lift pause. 33, 258269. However, the efficacy and safety of these drugs in COVID-19 patients are unclear. (2020). Res. Glucocorticoids were shown to have the ability of inducing de novo synthesis of ENaC (Chow et al., 1999; Otulakowski et al., 1999; Sayegh et al., 1999) and affecting ENaC regulatory pathway via serum and glucocorticoids-inducible kinase-1 (SGK-1) (Chen et al., 1999; de la Rosa et al., 1999; Itani et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2007). Regulation of Alveolar Fluid Clearance and ENaC Expression in Lung by Exogenous Angiotensin II. In the meantime, we urgently need potent reduction in fatality of COVID-19. Purpose To investigate pulmonary vascular abnormalities at CT pulmonary angiography (CT-PE) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Since pulmonary edema can be promoted by decreased expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase (Woods et al., 2015), drugs or compounds which activate the sodium channel and Na-K-ATPase may be putative therapeutics. Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. 181 (1), 5361. Shapiro, S. D. (2001). Association between Early Treatment with Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Favorable Clinical Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study. Chin. Aquaporins in the Lung. Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2. (2020). Inhibition of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 impairs the hydrolysis of des-arg9-bradykinin. doi:10.1161/01.cir.37.1.45, Cai, J., Li, H., Zhang, C., Chen, Z., Liu, H., Lei, F., et al. He was medicated with methylprednisolone 1 mg/kg and diuretics and recovered rapidly. (1998). TALLAHASSEE, Fla. Florida Surgeon General Joseph Ladapo personally altered a state-driven study about Covid-19 vaccines last year to suggest that some doses pose a . 4 (159), 159ra148. As the infection progresses, the immune function is impaired, causing damage to multiple organs, additional complications, and eventually death (Yang et al., 2020). doi:10.1001/jama.2020.10044, Lippi, G., South, A. M., and Henry, B. M. (2020). Fedratinib, an FDA approved JAK2 inhibitor, may be used to reduce the mortality associated with hyperinflammation by suppressing the production of several Th17 cytokines (i.e., IL1b and TNF-alpha, IL21, IL22, IL17) and the formation of pulmonary edema in combination with anti-viral drugs (Yang et al., 2020e). 99 (9), 988995. Limmer A, Engler A, Kattner S, Gregorius J, Pattberg KT, Schulz R, Schwab J, Roth J, Vogl T, Krawczyk A, Witzke O, Zelinskyy G, Dittmer U, Brenner T, Berger MM. Annu. (2018). Also, thrombocytopenia and thrombosis have been mostly reported after AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen COVID-19 vaccines [ 3 ]. Mil. Pharmacol. BK is generated by cleavage of high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK) from plasma-kallikrein and binds to the BKB2 receptor, and thus results vascular hemorrhage (Garvin et al., 2020). National Library of Medicine Am. (2020). Its active absorption of Na+ is the main driving force of fluid clearance at birth and alveolar fluid absorption at adult stage (Bardou et al., 2012). doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000797, Ferner, R. E., and Aronson, J. K. (2020). As the activation of AT1 receptor promotes the pulmonary edema, AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) like losartan, valsartan may be effective in decreasing pulmonary edema. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! (2021). (2021). doi:10.1152/physiol.00026.2008, Birket, S. E., Chu, K. K., Houser, G. H., Liu, L., Fernandez, C. M., Solomon, G. M., et al. In addition, potassium channels can act as oxygen sensors in alveolar epithelium and thus adjust lung function to environmental changes in O2 levels (Bartoszewski et al., 2017). 382 (18), 17081720. A recent review has summarized the effects of TRPs in pulmonary chemical injuries, which includes the representative TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPV4 antagonists which have participated in preclinical and clinical studies (Achanta and Jordt, 2020) (Supplementary Tables S1S3). Immunol. Lung Injury in COVID-19 Has Pulmonary Edema as an Important Component and Treatment with Furosemide and Negative Fluid Balance (NEGBAL) Decreases Mortality. 6, 331345. Physiol. Moreover, lower expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase promotes pulmonary edema, and when the expression of Na-K-ATPase 1- and 2-subunits decreases, maximal alveolar epithelial fluid clearance is reduced (Looney et al., 2005). Int. Wang C, Xie J, Zhao L, Fei X, Zhang H, Tan Y, Nie X, Zhou L, Liu Z, Ren Y, Yuan L, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Liang L, Chen X, Liu X, Wang P, Han X, Weng X, Chen Y, Yu T, Zhang X, Cai J, Chen R, Shi ZL, Bian XW. Regulation of ENaC and CFTR Expression with K+ Channel Modulators and Effect on Fluid Absorption across Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Am. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. N.Y. Acad. These cytokine storms can be treated with steroids, IL-1 antagonists, TNF inhibitors, and Janus kinase inhibitor (JAK) inhibitors (McCreary and Pogue, 2020). 276 (22), 1865718664. 471 (4), 519532. PCTR1 Improves Pulmonary Edema Fluid Clearance through Activating the Sodium Channel and Lymphatic Drainage in Lipopolysaccharideinduced ARDS. Pflugers Arch. 94 (8), 10911100. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. 103, 7888. Neurosci. (2012). Overall, the decreased expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase, misregulation of sodium, potassium, AQP, and RAS channels and abnormal metabolism of BK and HA can all lead to lung liquid clearance failure and pulmonary edema, resulting in severe lung damage and ARDS in COVID-19 patients (Figure 6 The general regulation approaches of AFC). Life Sci. Physiology 23, 360370. It has been observed that MMP-2 and MMP-9, two most crucial MMPs in the lung are over-expressed in pulmonary edema (Negrini et al., 1996; Negrini et al., 1998; Passi et al., 1998), suggesting that MMPs may become a potential target for pulmonary edema treatment. Millions of people in the United States have received COVID-19 vaccines and they are safe and effective at protecting against COVID-19. Thus, PGs play a key role in the formation of pulmonary edema. doi:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.11.005, Cure, E., and Cumhur Cure, M. (2020). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal 46 (7), 835837. Biochim. Physiol. Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Patients Infected with 2019-New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A Review and Perspective. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. doi:10.1101/2020.03.20.20039586, Londino, J. D., Lazrak, A., Collawn, J. F., Bebok, Z., Harrod, K. S., and Matalon, S. (2017). (2010). Therefore, the excessive release and decreased hydrolysis of BK through activating BKB1 and BKB2 receptors result in extra vascular leakage and pulmonary edema (Figure 5 Mechanism of BK inducing pulmonary edema and potential drugs) (Zwaveling et al., 2020). (2020). Here, we summarized several natural compounds and TCM formulas which are very likely to be potential drugs or have already shown predominant efficacy of COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 Treatment and Diagnosis Guideline (7th version, trial) [Online]. Emodin Blocks the SARS Coronavirus Spike Protein and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Interaction. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4-Mediated Disruption of the Alveolar Septal Barrier. Thus, the relieve of pulmonary edema should be one of the critical concerns in terms of the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Other anti-viral drugs, such as arbidol, chloroquine phosphate and ritonavir, did not exhibit efficacy in randomized, placebo-controlled trials in COVID-19 patients. It has been shown that the incidence and severity of COVID-19 are closely related to abnormal metabolism of inorganic salts. This condition is generally referred to as pulmonary edema and is a direct consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The Clinical Benefits of Chinese Patent Medicines against COVID-19 Based on Current Evidence. (2001). TABLE 1. 161, 105290. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105290, Shi, Y., Wang, Y., Shao, C., Huang, J., Gan, J., Huang, X., et al. Abdullah H., Heaney L. G., Cosby S. L., McGarvey L. P. A. This may be due to lingering inflammation and other factors. Exp. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa105/5811022, Minakata, Y., Suzuki, S., Grygorczyk, C., Dagenais, A., and Berthiaume, Y. N. Engl. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000247065.11756.19, Andr, E., Gatti, R., Trevisani, M., Preti, D., Baraldi, P., Patacchini, R., et al. doi:10.1074/jbc.M608358200, Harmer, D., Gilbert, M., and Borman, R. (2002). Semin. Ion Channels of the Lung and Their Role in Disease Pathogenesis. government site. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2014-0225OC, Yu, Q., Wang, D., Wen, X., Tang, X., Qi, D., He, J., et al. Res. Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): a Review. In early April 2021, an 86-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a 1-day history of weakness, dyspnoea and fever. Chem. Maresin Conjugates in Tissue Regeneration 1 Improves Alveolar Fluid Clearance by Upregulating Alveolar ENaC, Na, KATPase in Lipopolysaccharideinduced Acute Lung Injury. (1986). doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4783, Shi, N., Liu, B., Liang, N., Ma, Y., Ge, Y., Yi, H., et al. (2019). Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes Are Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. J. Furosemide, a NKCC inhibitor, has been acknowledged as first-line therapeutic drug for pulmonary edema all the time (Pickkers et al., 1997; Solymosi et al., 2013). doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032, Guo, Y.-R., Cao, Q.-D., Hong, Z.-S., Tan, Y.-Y., Chen, S.-D., Jin, H.-J., et al. medRxiv. Hyponatremia (low blood sodium concentration) as well as low concentrations of potassium and calcium in the blood serum are also associated with COVID-19 (Lippi et al., 2020). doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320953, Zhang, J.-L., Zhuo, X.-J., Lin, J., Luo, L.-C., Ying, W.-Y., Xie, X., et al. Atractylenolide I Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways in RAW264.7 Cells. Theaflavin from black tea was found to present a lower binding energy when it docks in the catalytic pocket of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. Alternative Names Lung congestion; Lung water; Pulmonary congestion; Heart failure - pulmonary edema Causes Pulmonary edema is often caused by congestive heart failure. Crit. - Eur. doi:10.1073/pnas.160041997, Leroy, C., Priv, A., Bourret, J.-C., Berthiaume, Y., Ferraro, P., and Brochiero, E. (2006). doi:10.1007/s43440-020-00132-z, Runfeng, L., Yunlong, H., Jicheng, H., Weiqi, P., Qinhai, M., Yongxia, S., et al. Struct. Adipose-derived Exosomes Protect the Pulmonary Endothelial Barrier in Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury by Inhibiting the TRPV4/Ca2+ Signaling Pathway. Cell Death Differ 27 (5), 14511454. doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.20038935, Yang, R., Liu, H., Bai, C., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Guo, R., et al. Mol. Br. We are grateful to all of the colleagues who have given critical comments on this work. Physiol. Physiol. JACC: Basic Translational Sci. 1480 (1), 73103. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.17.040177.001053, Fronius, M. (2013). Acta (Bba) - Gen. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Salmeterol for the Prevention of High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema. Sci. medRxiv. It promotes the clearance of surplus fluid in alveoli and keeps alveolar space dry (Wittekindt and Dietl, 2019). doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.6.1847. medRxiv. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Rhinovirus Upregulates Transient Receptor Potential Channels in a Human Neuronal Cell Line: Implications for Respiratory Virus-Induced Cough Reflex Sensitivity. doi:10.1007/s42399-020-00610-8, Ai, J.-W., Zhang, H.-C., Xu, T., Wu, J., Zhu, M., Yu, Y.-Q., et al. Br. J. Cel Physiol 235 (12), 95109523. Diagn Pathol. 282 (8), 55975607. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. (2020). 318 (4), L723L741. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. COVID-19 can cause blood clots, even months after diagnosis. Would you like email updates of new search results? COVID-19 vaccines can cause mild side effects after the first or second dose, including: Pain, redness or swelling where the shot was given Fever Fatigue Headache Muscle pain Chills Joint pain Nausea and vomiting Swollen lymph nodes Feeling unwell Most side effects go away in a few days. Therefore, the S protein determines the host cell of the virus, regulates the viral attachment and fusion with the host cell membrane, and promotes cellular invasion. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00373.2014, Hu, F., Chen, J., Chen, H., Zhu, J., Wang, C., Ni, H. B., et al. (2020). For instance, angiotensin II (Ang II) can typically generate vasoconstriction and sodium retention when binding to the AGTR1 receptor and vice versa via the AGTR2 receptor (Garvin et al., 2020). doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5, Hui, D. S. C., and Zumla, A. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 40 (21), 42454250. It has been reported that transepithelial ion transport in alveolar monolayers can be activated by K+ channel openers in vitro under physiological conditions (Leroy et al., 2006). 3 (1), 237261. doi:10.7150/ijbs.45538, Yang, Y., Shen, C., Li, J., Yuan, J., Yang, M., Wang, F., et al. J. Intern. Resolving D1 (Wang et al., 2014), generated from -3 fatty docosahexaenoic acids, and ursodeoxycholic acid (Niu et al., 2019) can stimulate AFC and Na-K-ATPase in LPS-induced pulmonary edema via alveolar epithelial sodium channel and ALX/cAMP/PI3K pathway, respectively. the Coronavirus Spike Protein and Acquisition of Fusion Competence. Traditional Chinese Medicine for COVID-19 Treatment. Chloride Transport-Driven Alveolar Fluid Secretion Is a Major Contributor to Cardiogenic Lung Edema. Am. The frequency and severity of systemic adverse events was higher after dose 2 than dose 1. COPD and asthma cause your airways to swell and become blocked with mucus, which can make it hard to breathe. 274 (18), 1243112437. Biol. Aspirin is used to reduce fever and relieve mild to moderate pain from conditions such as muscle aches, toothaches, common cold, and headaches.It may also be used to reduce pain and swelling in conditions such as arthritis.Aspirin is known as a salicylate and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ().It works by blocking a certain natural substance in your body to reduce pain and swelling. Amiloride was shown to induce the reduction of ACE2 expression in bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells (Adil et al., 2020) and can counteract the low cytosolic pH which has been observed in COVID-19 patients by acting on Na+/H+ exchanger (Cure and Cumhur Cure, 2020). Am. A., and Cook, D. I. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00464.2004, Lung, J., Lin, Y. S., Yang, Y. H., Chou, Y. L., Shu, L. H., Cheng, Y. C., et al. doi:10.1126/science.abb2762, Yang, G., Tan, Z., Zhou, L., Yang, M., Peng, L., Liu, J., et al. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2011.11.009, Fan, H.-H., Wang, L.-Q., Liu, W.-L., An, X.-P., Liu, Z.-D., He, X.-Q., et al. doi:10.1182/blood.2020006000, Couto, M., de Diego, A., Perpii, M., Delgado, L., and Moreira, A. When there, the virus itself and virus-mediated protein-protein interactions lead to the lung inflammatory storm responsible for the observed increasing vascular permeability in lung and pulmonary edema (Tang et al., 2020). Ann. Sci. Perplexingly, successful balance of lung humoral metabolism may lead to the reduction of the number of COVID-19 death limiting the possibility of healthcare services with insufficient capacity to provide ventilator-assisted respiration. A blocked upper airway causes negative pressure in the lungs from trying to breathe through the blockage. 532 (1), 4. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03640-2, Heald-Sargent, T., and Gallagher, T. (2012). J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. (2015). The most commonly reported symptoms of post- COVID-19 syndrome include: Fatigue Symptoms that get worse after physical or mental effort Fever Lung (respiratory) symptoms, including difficulty breathing or shortness of breath and cough Other possible symptoms include: Pharmacol. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00255.2019, Zhang, B.-M., Wang, Z.-B., Xin, P., Wang, Q.-H., Bu, H., and Kuang, H.-X. Systems Pharmacological Study Illustrates the Immune Regulation, Anti-infection, Anti-inflammation, and Multi-Organ protection Mechanism of Qing-Fei-Pai-Du Decoction in the Treatment of COVID-19. (2017). (2006). 2023 Feb 13;11(2):435. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11020435. 35 (19), 30142017. Here, we provide a perspective on abnormal lung humoral metabolism of pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients, review the mechanisms by which pulmonary edema may be induced in COVID-19 patients, and propose putative drug targets that may be of use in treating COVID-19. (2020). J. Therefore, drugs targeted at the humoral mechanisms might turn out to be highly effective against SARS-COV-2 infections. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013183, Sayegh, R., Auerbach, S. D., Li, X., Loftus, R. W., Husted, R. F., Stokes, J. K+ Channels Regulate ENaC Expression via Changes in Promoter Activity and Control Fluid Clearance in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. (2015). The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.664349/full#supplementary-material, Abdullah, H., Heaney, L. G., Cosby, S. L., and McGarvey, L. P. A. doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.20022673, Alvarez, D. F., King, J. Impaired Breakdown of Bradykinin and its Metabolites as a Possible Cause for Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Infection. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The fluid transudes into and accumulates in the interstitium of lungs and finally alveolars from lung capillary, leading to severe disorder of pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange (Staub, 1974). -, Adil M. S., Narayanan S. P., Somanath P. R. (2020). -. Epub 2022 Oct 17. doi:10.1308/rcsann.2016.0238, de la Rosa, D. A., Zhang, P., Nray-Fejes-Tth, A., Fejes-Tth, G., and Canessa, C. M. (1999). B., et al. Pulmonary edema is the disequilibrium between formation and reflux of lung tissue fluid leading to the absorption of massive tissue fluid by lung lymph and vein failure. Adv. J. Respir. Influenza Virus Infection Alters Ion Channel Function of Airway and Alveolar Cells: Mechanisms and Physiological Sequelae. Intensive Care Med. Clin. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1712960, Deng, J., Wang, D.-x., Deng, W., Li, C.-y., Tong, J., and Ma, H. (2012). TGF--induced IL-6 prevents development of acute lung injury in influenza A virus-infected F508del CFTR-heterozygous mice. Authors Natl. Protectin DX Increases Alveolar Fluid Clearance in Rats with Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury. CDC interim clinical considerations and FDA Dexmedetomidine can upregulate AQP-1 and AQP-5 expression in rats with acute lung injury induced by LPS and thus induce pulmonary edema (Jiang et al., 2015). Thromb. (2013). HA-related hydrogel has been found in both, ARDS and SARS. Sci. TRPV4, expressed in alveolar type I, type II cells and alveolar capillary endothelial cells, has been considered as a crucial regulator of alveolo-capillary barrier integrity (Alvarez et al., 2006; Yin et al., 2008; Goldenberg et al., 2015; Yin et al., 2016). DD&T 14 (5), 256258. Infection, pulmonary edema, lung cancer, aspiration, and pulmonary hemorrhage are some of the diseases that can cause consolidation. When to. (2020). Inhalation or infusion of salbutamol, a 2-adrenergic agonist, reduced the incidences of pulmonary edema (Sartori et al., 2002) and was found to be beneficial in ARDS patients (Perkins et al., 2006). Vaccines (Basel). Thus, it could be a potential RdRp inhibitor for SARS-CoV-2 (Lung et al., 2020). One day before symptom onset, he had received a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Further studies may determine if CD44 inhibitors can be of use to in COVID-19. Therefore, the infection along with the rapid replication of SARS-CoV-2 causes a large amount of body fluid permeating through pulmonary alveoli, leading to ADRS. 110 (25), E2308E2316. Summary of potential natural compounds against COVID-19. It is also highly expressed in cardiomyocytes, epithelial cells of renal proximal convoluted tubule, urothelial cells, esophagus, and ileum (Harmer et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2020), facilitating a quick invasion of the human body by SARS-COV-2 and causing complications. J. Clin. 102 (8), 966974. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01210.2001, McCreary, E. K., and Pogue, J. M. (2020). 17, 149166. doi:10.1126/science.abb2507, Xu, X., Chen, P., Wang, J., Feng, J., Zhou, H., Li, X., et al. 2023 Feb 15;12(4):1542. doi: 10.3390/jcm12041542. Infection of Mice with Influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) Virus Alters Alveolar Type II Cell Phenotype. Cell. Prc, N. H. C. o. t. (2020). Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2. 10.5582/ddt.2020.03070 Pathol. TABLE 2. J. Pathol. Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins. Fatigue, headache, chills, and new or worsened muscle pain were most common. Symptoms that are common to all of these conditions include cough and shortness of breath. Large Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels Sense Acute Changes in Oxygen Tension in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Accessibility Immune responses to COVID-19 vaccinations may trigger acute exacerbations in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis among susceptible patients, according to data published in the American Journal of. Immunopathol 38 (3), 321329. Careers. Biophys. Drugs targeting at least some of these proteins have already existed and could be repurposed to manage pulmonary edema seen in SARS-COV-2 infections. Immune-modulatory agents for COVID-19 include tocilizumab, human immunoglobulin and the convalescent plasma. Res. 16 (10), 17081717. Breathtaking TRP Channels: TRPA1 and TRPV1 in Airway Chemosensation and Reflex Control. The most common COVID-19 vaccine side effects include local injection site pain, fever, chills, myalgias, headache and fatigue, with resolution usually in a few days ( 1, 2 ). Generalized Edema and Pseudothrombocytopenia After ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report Reports of side effects of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are increasing worldwide. It has been shown that SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells via specific binding of S-protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (Figure 2 Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2) (Xu et al., 2020) and the binding affinity between these two proteins is 1020 times greater than that of SARS-CoV and ACE2 (Yan et al., 2020; Wrapp et al., 2020). FIGURE 6. Circ. 291 (6), L1207L1219. The clinical manifestations and CT scans show the presence of ARDS in critical COVID-19 patients (Ai et al., 2020; Guan et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2020). Res. Disclaimer. Jiangsu Qing Lan Project for Young Academic Leaders of China. Xue-Bi-Jing injection may act in COVID-19 by anti-inflammatory, anticoagulation, immune regulation, vascular endothelial protection, anti-oxidative stress and other mechanisms (Li et al., 2021). Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels: a Clinical Perspective. Physiol. Indeed, in several preclinical studies, selective TRPV4 inhibition showed efficacy in preventing or attenuating lung edema (Thorneloe et al., 2012). Physiol. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 4 doi:10.1007/s00210-014-1058-1, Grant, R. A., Morales-Nebreda, L., Morales-Nebreda, L., Markov, N. S., Swaminathan, S., Querrey, M., et al. Sci. Epub 2023 Mar 31. Nature 590, 635641. (2020). Like all medicines, the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines can cause side effects. Bookshelf Besides chemical drugs and compounds we discussed above, natural compounds and TCMs also possess promising antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 and had notably contribution in curing COVID-19, especially in alleviating pulmonary edema and preventing the disease development from mild to severe. A., Auerbach, S. D., Husted, R. F., Volk, K. A., Ageloff, S., Knepper, M. A., et al. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.017, Xu, Z., Shi, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Huang, L., Zhang, C., et al. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Leads to Reduced Ratio of ACE/ACE2 Activities and Is Prevented by Angiotensin-(1-7) or an Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist. doi:10.3969/j.issn.10065725.2019.19.008, Rasaeifar, B., Gomez-Gutierrez, P., and Perez, J. J. (2014). doi:10.3390/v4040557, Ho, T., Wu, S., Chen, J., Li, C., and Hsiang, C. (2007). (2020c). IFN will continually induce inflammatory cytokines released by alveolar macrophages, promoting the activation of T cells and forming a positive feedback loop that drives persistent alveolar inflammation (Grant et al., 2021). Am. Cause of COVID-19 pulmonary edema. Pulmonary vessels and perfusion are frequently abnormal in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia and may point to a key role of pulmonary vascular pathology and hypoxemia in COVID-19. Epub 2020 Jun 29. (2020b). Currently, no specific drug has been developed to against COVID-19, although some existing drugs have been repurposed and approved for treating hospitalized patients (Ferner and Aronson, 2020; Schlagenhauf et al., 2020). Dis. It is worth mentioning that, except alveoli, which is widely known as the target tissue, cardiomyocyte can be infected as well. (2020a). The toad venom injection can significantly improve the pulmonary function of COVID-19 patients by regulating PaO2/FiO2 and ROX index and thus alleviate pulmonary edema. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. SARS-CoV-2 may act in a similar way. (2020). Phytomedicine 85, 153282. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153282, Ma, Q., Pan, W., Li, R., Liu, B., Li, C., Xie, Y., et al. . 34, 101658. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101658. Recently, several companies came out with vaccines against COVID-19 which have been approved for use. A., Weber, D., Addison, E., Liedtke, W., and Townsley, M. I. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00078.2015, Wsten-van Asperen, R. M., Lutter, R., Specht, P. A., Moll, G. N., van Woensel, J. COVID-19, an infectious disease caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has a global reach. Several cases of vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia from a similar viral vector vaccine (Oxford-AstraZeneca [ChAdOx1 nCoV-19]) have been reported. Glucocorticoid Induction of Epithelial Sodium Channel Expression in Lung and Renal Epithelia Occurs via Trans-activation of a Hormone Response Element in the 5-Flanking Region of the Human Epithelial Sodium Channel Subunit Gene.
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